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法律与道德在教育中的分野??兼谈开除未婚先孕大学生案/杨涛

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法律与道德在教育中的分野

??---兼谈开除未婚先孕大学生案

杨涛

报载,近日,西南某大学以违反校规“发生不正当性行为,品行恶劣,道德败坏”为由,对未婚先孕的女大学生李静及其男友李军作出勒令退学的处罚决定。这对恋人认为学校的做法侵犯了他们的隐私权,准备将母校告上法庭。

这一事件立即在全社会引起广泛关注,专家、学者们纷纷发表评论认为,受教育权是宪法赋予每一位公民的重要权利,学校仅凭自己内部处罚条例就剥夺公民的受教育权,其合法性令人质疑。有学者在分析这一事件的背景时指出,这一广泛关注的事件其实质是教育道德化还是教育法治化理念冲突使然,教育道德化是我们一贯的教育理念,提倡“尊师重教”,强调“师道尊严”,在教育过程中,权力的运用常常只受“道德”标准的衡量与限制,而教育法治化实质上是通过理顺政府、学校、老师、学生的关系,使他们各自的权利得到切实保障,整个教育工作按照既定目的,有条不紊地进行。

上述学者的分析相当深刻,在依法治国与以德治国两大治国方略提出的今天,教育该究竟该如何处理好两种观念的冲突,直接关系到教育的现代化。中世纪的西方很早就提出上帝主宰人的思想,法律管理人的行为的主张,他们认识到人的外部行为应由法律来管理。在法学史上,康德首先明确地将道德伦理特性归结为“内在性”,法律规范为“外在性”,他认为法律调整人们的外部行为,道德则只支配人们的内心活动的动机。笔者认为,法律之所以是作为调整人们行为的规范,是因为法律这种社会规范是人们理性的结晶,是集合了众人的智慧(在现代社会便是民主的结晶),经过了规范的程序,具有确定性、可预测性、与保障性,这与道德的解释随意性、不可预测性与依靠内心自律性是不可同日而语,我们不能指望人们依靠不能不确定性、不可预测性的规范来调整自己的行为。而在法律之外人们还需要道德来规范人们的内心是因为道德与法律有着天然的联系,道德意识的培养有助于人们的守法意识,此是一;其二是法律的确定性、也带来法律的滞后性,道德的发展能推动法律的前进;最后,我们还要看到的是法律是对一般人的最低要求,但人类的发展需要高尚的人来导航,社会主义更需要良好的道德风尚和身先士卒的标兵,这样才能使人们更加远离兽性,美国法学家博登海默把道德分为两类要求与原则:一是包括社会有序化的基本要求,它们对于有效地履行一个有组织的社会必须承担的义务来讲,被认为是必不可少的。二是包括那些有助于提高生活质量和增进人与人之间的紧密联系的原则,但是这些原则对人们提出的要求则远远超过了那种被认为是维持社会生活的必要条件所必需的要求。法律则只是将第一类中的一些部份予以了吸收(当然法律并不仅仅就这些,除道德外还有科技规范的吸收等等),从这个意义上讲我们可以说法律只是最低限度的道德。在区分了两者调整的范围后,有一点值得注意的是我们说法律调整人们的外部行为,道德则只支配人们的内心活动的动机,并不否认法律对内心的影响,法律通过对行为的调整,直接影响了人的内心;也不否认道德对外部行为的影响,道德支配人的内心从而规范了人的外部行为;两者的分野在于具有强制性的法律是否直接进入了人们的内心,如对思想治罪,而无强制性的道德是否对人们的行为产生强制性,直接处置人们的权利义务,如依道德判案。

下面我们来看法律与道德该如何进入教育领域,高级汉语大词典将教育定义为两种:一是指培养人才、传播知识的工作。二是指教导启发,使明白道理。前者是教育管理行为,是一种准行政行为,其直接后果是对被管理人的权利义务关系产生直接影响;后者是教育传授行为,对于被教育人的现实权利义务关系并无直接影响,其影响表现在对被教育人仅在内心世界,仅能改变其内心世界,并通过改变内心世界影响其外部行为。从上述分析,对被管理人权利义务产生直接后果的教育管理行为是一种法律行为,其当然要纳入法治轨道,一切依法办事,教育工作才能有序进行,道德在此主要是起补充、辅助作用,绝不可代替法律。而对于影响表现在仅对被教育人内心世界产生影响的教育传授行为针对的是思想领域范畴,道德当然能在此领域发挥其作用,具体说教育传授除了知识的传授外,还应当在道德与法律的传授上齐头并举,以期达到形成高尚的社会风气与养成守法的意识。在此笔者要提醒的是这二种分类仅对其作用的对象而言,对于教育者本身而言,无论是教育管理行为还是教育传授行为都是法律行为,都应依法进行,如教育传授不能传播反动思想,否则要受法律制裁。

具体在本案,西南某大学可以在教育传授上教育学生端正对爱情的态度,尽量不要在学习阶段发生性关系。然而对该行为的处理则是一种教育管理,应严格依法进行。依博登海默的分类,笔者认为“非法同居”不属于社会有序化的基本要求,不应由法律来调整,法律不应将对较高层次的人的要求对一般人作出规定。同时我们也看到至少现在该行为是法无明文予以保护、亦无明文处罚的行为,依据现代法理学的公认私权行使基本原理是“法不禁止即自由”,学校无权处罚。即使是法律予以禁止,并不能直接剥夺受教育权,因为该权利是宪法上的权利,对其的剥夺仍需法律的专门授权。然而,我们遗憾地看到该校仅凭其自行制定的道德规范就轻易剥夺了李静俩人在宪法上的权利--教育权。其次,依照现代民法对隐私权的保护原理,对普通人的隐私权的保护有别于对公众人物及官员的隐私的保护,实施的是全面保护,对公民私生活秘密乃至道德瑕疵不得公布(有学者认为甚至违法记录也在法无明文授权下不得公布),校方仅依其内部规定不仅作出处罚决定,而且将该事情向全校通报,明显侵犯李静俩人的隐私权。本案中校方这里将道德僭越其在思想的领域的支配作用,直接强制于人的行为,反映了校方法治观念的淡薄,对教育管理与教育传授两种行为的混淆,值得引起反思。



通联:江西省赣州市人民检察院 杨涛 华东政法学院法律硕士

邮编:341000



E—mail:tao1991@163.net


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中华人民共和国测绘成果管理规定(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国测绘成果管理规定(附英文)

(1989年3月21日中华人民共和国国务院令第32号公布 自1989年5月1日起施行)

规定
第一条 为加强对则绘成果的管理,保证测绘成果的合理利用,提高测绘工作的经济效益和社会效益,更好地为社会主义现代化建设服务,制定本规定。
第二条 本规定所称测绘成果,是指在陆地、海洋和空间测绘完成的下列基础测绘成果和专业测绘成果:
(一)天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件;
(二)航空和航天遥感测绘底片、磁带;
(三)各种地图(包括地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图和其他有关的专题地图等);
(四)工程测量数据和图件;
(五)其他有关地理数据;
(六)与测绘成果直接有关的技术资料等。
第三条 国务院测绘行政主管部门主管全国测绘成果的管理和监督工作,并负责组织全国基础测绘成果及其有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门主管本行政区域内测绘成果的管理和监督工作,并负责组织本行政区域内基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
国务院有关部门和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府有关部门负责本部门专业测绘成果的管理工作。
军队测绘主管部门负责军事部门测绘成果的管理工作。
第四条 测绘成果应当实行科学管理,建立健全规章制度,运用现代科学技术手段,及时、准确、安全、方便地提供使用。
第五条 测绘成果应当根据公开(公开使用、公开出版)和未公开(内部使用、保密)的不同性质,按照国家有关规定进行管理。
第六条 基础测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密,经国务院测绘行政主管部门会同军队测绘主管部门商国家及军队保密主管部门决定后,由国务院测绘行政主管部门发布。
专业测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密,由有关专业测绘成果管理部门确定,并报同级测绘行政主管部门备案;其密级不得低于原使用的地理底图和其他基础测绘成果的密级。
各部门、各单位使用保密测绘成果,必须按照国家保密法规进行管理。保密测绘成果确需公开使用的,必须按照国家规定进行解密处理。
保密测绘成果的销毁,应当经测绘成果使用单位的县级以上主管部门负责人批准,严格进行登记、造册和监销,并向提供该成果的管理机构备案。
第七条 国务院有关部门和地方有关部门完成的基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果,必须依照规定按年度分别向国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门汇交下列成果目录或者副本:
(一)天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件的目录及副本(一式一份);
(二)航空、航天遥感测绘底片和磁带的目录(一式一份);
(三)地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图、其他重要专题地图的目录(一式一份);
(四)正式印制的各种地图(一式两份);
(五)有关重大工程测量的数据和图件目录(一式一份)。
第八条 外国人经中华人民共和国政府或者其授权部门批准,在中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内单独测绘或者与中华人民共和国有关部门合作测绘的成果,依据本规定进行管理,其成果的所有权属分别为:
(一)外国人或者外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境内测制的测绘成果,均属中华人民共和国所有;
(二)外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果,应当在不违反本规定的前提下,由双方按合同规定分享;
(三)外国人在中华人民共各国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果,必须向中华人民共和国测绘行政主管部门提供全部测绘成果的副本或者复制件。
第九条 需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市的基础测绘成果的单位,必须持本省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门的公函,向该成果所在省、自治区、直辖市的测绘行政主管部门办理使用手续。
需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市专业测绘成果的单位,按专业成果所属部门规定的办法执行。
第十条 军事部门需要使用政府部门测绘成果的,由总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门,通过国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门统一办理。
政府部门或者单位需要使用军事部门测绘成果的,由国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门,通过总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门统一办理。
第十一条 测绘行政主管部门应当对本行政区域内测制的测绘成果负责质量监督管理。
各有关部门和单位测制的测绘成果,必须经过检查验收,质量合格后方能提供使用。
第十二条 测绘成果实行有偿提供。有偿提供测绘成果的办法和收费标准由国务院测绘行政主管部门商有关测绘成果的管理部门后,会同国务院物价行政主管部门另行规定。
第十三条 测绘成果不得擅自复制、转让或者转借。确需复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的,必须经提供该测绘成果的部门批准;复制保密的测绘成果,还必须按照原密级管理。
受委托完成的测绘成果,受托单位未经委托单位同意不得复制、翻印、转让、出版。
第十四条 国务院有关部门对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果,必须报经国务院测绘行政主管部门批准。地方有关部门和单位对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果,必须报经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门批准。为了确保重要军事设施的安全保密,各送
审单位对外提供未公开的测绘成果的具体办法,按国务院的有关规定执行。
第十五条 中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内的重要地理数据(包括位置、高程、深度、面积、长度等),应当经国务院测绘行政主管部门审核报国务院批准后,由国务院或者其授权部门发布。
第十六条 对测绘成果管理做出重大贡献或者显著成绩的单位和个人,予以表扬或者奖励。
第十七条 测绘成果质量不合格给用户造成损失的,由该测绘成果的测绘单位赔偿直接经济损失,并负责补测或者重测;情节严重的,由测绘行政主管部门处以罚款或者取消其相应的测绘资格。
第十八条 有下列行为之一的单位,按以下规定,给予行政处罚:
(一)对违反国家规定的测绘成果收费标准,擅自提价收取测绘成果费用的,依照《中华人民共和国价格管理条例》的规定没收其非法所得,可以并处相当于非法所得金额三至五倍的罚款;
(二)对发生重大测绘成果泄密事故的,由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评,并按本规定第十九条规定追究单位负责人的责任。
(三)对未经提供测绘成果的部门批准,擅自复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的,由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评,可以并处罚款。
第十九条 有下列行为之一的个人,由其所在单位或者该单位的上级主管机关给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任:
(一)丢失保密测绘成果,或者造成测绘成果泄密事故的;
(二)未按本规定第十四条规定履行报批手续,擅自对外提供未公开的测绘成果的;
(三)测绘成果管理人员不履行职责,致使测绘成果遭受重大损失,或者擅自提供未公开的测绘成果的;
(四)测绘成果丢失或者泄密造成严重后果以及对造成测绘成果丢失或者泄密事故不查处的单位负责人。
第二十条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的,可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内,向作出处罚决定部门的上级行政主管部门申请复议;对复议决定不服的,可以在接到复议决定次日起十五日内,向人民法院起诉;当事人也可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内,直接向人民法院起诉,期满不起诉又不执行的,由作出处罚决定的行政主管部门申请人民法院强制执行。
第二十一条 省、自治区、直辖市人民政府,国务院有关部门和军队,可以依照本规定结合实际制定实施办法。
第二十二条 本规定由国务院测绘行政主管部门负责解释。
第二十三条 本规定自1989年5月1日起施行。

PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-
MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING
(Promulgated by Decree No. 32 of the State Council of the People's
Republic of China on March 21, 1989 and effective as of May 1, 1989)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated with a view to strengthening the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing, ensuring the
rational use of achievements in survey and drawing, and increasing the
economic and social benefits of survey and drawing so as to render a
better service in socialist modernization.
Article 2
The "achievements in survey and drawing", as mentioned in these
Provisions, refer to the following achievements in basic survey and
drawing and in specialized survey and drawing that are completed on land,
at seas and oceans, and in space:
(1) the data and pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey,
geodetic survey completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational
survey;
(2) the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic tapes, that are collected
from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing survey;
(3) various kinds of maps (including topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other relevant specialized maps);
(4) the data and pictures from engineering survey;
(5) other relevant geographical data; and
(6) technical data directly related to achievements in survey and drawing.
Article 3
The competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing
under the State Council shall be in charge of the administration of and
supervision over the achievements in survey and drawing of the whole
country, and shall also be responsible for the organizational work for the
reception, collection, sorting out, storage, and provision for use, on a
nationwide scale, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the
people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be in charge of
the administration of and supervision over the achievements in survey and
drawing within their respective administrative areas, and shall also be
responsible for the organizational work for the reception, collection,
sorting out, storage, and provision for use, within their respective
administrative areas, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and
the relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing.
The departments concerned under the State Council and the departments
concerned under the People's governments of various provinces, autonomous
regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be
responsible for the administration of the achievements in specialized
survey and drawing of their respective departments. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces shall be responsible for the administration of the achievements in
survey and drawing in military departments.
Article 4
With respect to achievements in survey and drawing, scientific
administration shall be practised, rules and regulations be instituted and
perfected and modern scientific and technical means be employed so as to
provide the achievements for timely, accurate, safe and convenient use.
Article 5
The achievements in survey and drawing shall, in light of their different
natures-those open to the public (i.e. to be openly used, or openly
published), and those kept from the public (i.e. to be used only within
restricted departments, or kept confidential), be administered in
accordance with the relevant regulations of the State.
Article 6
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in basic survey and drawing shall be promulgated by the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the State Council after the competent authorities for the administration
of survey and drawing under the State Council and the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces have jointly consulted with the competent authorities for guarding
secrets of both the State and the armed forces.
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in specialized survey and drawing shall be determined by the
department concerned for the administration of achievements in specialized
survey and drawing and they shall also be reported to the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing at the same level
for the record; and their classes of security shall not be lower than
those of the originally used geographical base maps and of other
achievements in basic survey and drawing.
Various departments and units must, in using classified achievements in
survey and drawing, carry out administration in accordance with the
relevant laws and regulations of the State on guarding secrets. In the
event that classified achievements in survey and drawing have to be used
openly, they must go through the process of declassification in accordance
with the relevant regulations of the State.
The destruction of classified achievements in survey and drawing shall be
approved by the person in charge of the competent authorities at or above
the county level of the user unit of the said achievements in survey and
drawing. The classified achievements in survey and drawing to be destroyed
shall be duly registered and recorded, and then destroyed under
supervision; and the destruction shall also be reported, for the record,
to the administrative department that had provided the said achievements.
Article 7
With respect to the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing made by the
departments concerned under the State Council and by the local departments
concerned, the departments mentioned above must submit annually, in
accordance with pertinent provisions, to the competent authorities for the
administration of survey and drawing under the State Council or to the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, a catalogue or its
duplicate listing the following achievements:
(1) a catalogue and its duplicate (one copy of each) of the data and
pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey, geodetic survey
completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational survey;
(2) a catalogue (one copy) of the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic
tapes, that are collected from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing
survey;
(3) a catalogue (one copy) of topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other important specialized maps;
(4) various kinds of officially printed maps (in duplicate);
(5) a catalogue (one copy) of the data and pictures collected from survey
of important engineering projects.
Article 8
The achievements - made in survey and drawing by foreigners independently
or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic
of China, within the territory of the People's Republic of China, or
outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas that are under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China, with the approval of the
government of the People's Republic of China or the approval of a
department authorized by it - shall be administered in accordance with
these Provisions. The proprietary rights of the aforesaid achievements
are stipulated as follows:
(1) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners
independently or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the
People's Republic of China within the territory of the People's Republic
of China shall all belong to the People's Republic of China;
(2) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners in
cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic of
China, outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China shall, on the premise of
not violating these Provisions, be shared between the two parties
concerned in accordance with the stipulations in the relevant contract;
(3) with respect to those achievements made in survey and drawing by
foreigners independently outside the land territory of the People's
Republic of China, in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's
Republic of China, the aforesaid foreigners must provide the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing of the People's
Republic of China with a duplicate or a reproduction of all the
achievements made in their survey and drawing.
Article 9
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in basic
survey and drawing made by other provinces, autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the said unit shall
go through the procedures for the use of the aforesaid achievements in
survey and drawing by presenting an official letter written by the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under
the Central Government where the unit is located, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the
Central Government where the achievements have been made.
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
specialized survey and drawing of other provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the case shall be
handled in accordance with the procedures stipulated by the department,
under whose administration the aforesaid achievements in specialized
survey and drawing are placed.
Article 10
Where a military department has the necessity to make use of the
achievements in survey and drawing made by government departments, the
case shall be handled in a unified manner by the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the
Headquarters of the General Staff, or by the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under military region
or the services, in cooperation with the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the people's
governments of the various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government. Where a government
department or a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
survey and drawing made by military departments, the case shall be handled
by the competent authorities for the administration of achievements in
survey and drawing under the State Council, or by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's governments of the various provinces, autonomous
regions, or municipalities directly under Central Government, in
cooperation with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under the Headquarters of the General
Staff, or with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under military region or the services.
Article 11
The competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey
and drawing shall be responsible for the quality control and
administration of the achievements in survey and drawing made within the
boundaries of their own administrative areas. The achievements in survey
and drawing made by the various departments and units concerned must be
subject to the procedures for checking up and acceptance; and only those
which are up to the standard shall be provided for use.
Article 12
The provisions of achievements in survey and drawing shall be non-
gratuitous. The procedures and the rate of fees for the non-gratuitous
provision of achievements in survey and drawing shall be stipulated
separately, after consultation with the administrative department for the
achievements in survey and drawing in question, by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the State Council in conjunction with the competent authorities for
the administration of commodity prices.
Article 13
Achievements in survey and drawing shall not be duplicated, transferred or
lent out without permission. Where it is truly necessary to duplicate,
transfer or lend out achievements in survey and drawing, the approval from
the department that is to provide the needed achievements in survey and
drawing must be obtained; where the classified achievements in survey and
drawing are duplicated, they must be subjected to the administration
corresponding to the original security class.
As regards achievements in survey and drawing made through entrustment by
unit, the trustee unit may not duplicate, reprint, transfer, or publish
the said achievements without the permission of the entrusting unit.
Article 14
When a department concerned under the State Council provides a foreign
party with achievements in survey and drawing of the People's Republic of
China that have not yet become open, the said department must submit the
case, for approval, to the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing. When a local department or unit
concerned provides a foreign party with achievements in survey and drawing
of the People's Republic of China that have not yet become open, the said
department or unit must submit the case, for approval, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's government of a province, an autonomous region, or a
municipality directly under the Central Government. In order to safeguard
the security and secrets of important military installations, the specific
measures for all units which submit for examinations any achievements in
survey and drawing to be provided for the use of a foreign party and that
have not yet become open shall comply with the pertinent provisions of the
State Council.
Article 15
The important geographical data (including position, altitude, depth,
area, and length) collected in the territory of the People's Republic of
China and in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic
of China, shall be submitted, for examination and verification, to the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing under the State Council, and then to the State Council for
approval before they are published by the State Council or by its
authorized agencies.
Article 16
Units and individuals that have made great contributions to, or achieved
remarkable results in, the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing shall be commended or rewarded.
Article 17
If the inferior quality of the achievements in survey and drawing has
resulted in losses on the part of the user, the unit that has undertaken
the said survey and drawing shall compensate for the direct economic
losses mentioned above, and be responsible for conducting supplementary
survey and drawing; if the case is serious, the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall impose a
fine on the said unit or revoke its corresponding qualifications for
survey and drawing.
Article 18
Any unit that has committed one of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanctions in accordance with the following provisions:
(1) with respect to a unit which, in violation of the state provisions on
the rate of fees for the provision of achievements in survey and drawing,
has raised and collected without authorization the charges for
achievements in survey and drawing, the illegal gains of the said unit
shall be confiscated in accordance with the provisions of the Regulations
of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Prices, and a fine
equal to 3 to 5 times the said illegal gains may be imposed concurrently;
(2) with respect to a unit which has been held responsible for a major
divulgence of classified achievements in survey and drawing, the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
shall issue a circular criticizing the said unit, and the responsibilities
of the person-in-charge of the said unit shall be investigated in
accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of these Provisions;
(3) with respect to a unit which has duplicated, transferred, or lent out
achievements in survey and drawing without the approval from the
department that provides the said achievements, the competent authorities
for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall issue a
circular criticizing the said unit, and a fine may also be imposed
concurrently.
Article 19
An individual who has committed any of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanction by the unit where he/she works, or by its higher
competent authorities; if the act has constituted a crime, the criminal
responsibilities of the offender shall be investigated by judicial organs
according to law:
(1) an individual who has lost classified achievements in survey and
drawing, or who is held responsible for the divulgence of secret
achievements in survey and drawing;
(2) an individual who, in violation of the stipulation in Article 14 of
these Provisions regarding the procedures for examination and approval,
has provided without permission a foreign party with achievements in
survey and drawing that have not yet become open;
(3) the administrative personnel who have failed to carry out their duties
in safeguarding achievements in survey and drawing and caused great losses
or damage to the achievements in survey and drawing; or they have
provided, without permission, those achievements that have not yet become
open;
(4) an individual who has lost achievements in survey and drawing or
divulged secrets in this regard and caused serious consequences, and the
person-in-charge of the unit who fails to investigate and deal with such
incidents.
Article 20
If a party concerned refuses to accept the decision on administrative
sanction, he/she may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of
the notification on the administrative sanction, apply for reconsideration
to the competent administrative department at a higher level than the
department that has made the said administrative sanction; if the said
party does not accept the decision made after the reconsideration, he/she
may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of the
reconsideration decision, bring a suit before a people's court; the party
concerned may also directly bring a suit before a people's court within 15
days beginning from the second day of the receipt of the sanction
decision; if the party concerned neither brings a suit before the court,
nor carries out the sanction decision, the competent administrative
department that made the sanction decision shall apply to the people's
court for compulsory enforcement.
Article 21
The people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the departments
concerned under the State Council, and the armed forces may formulate
rules for the implementation of these Provisions in accordance with these
Provisions and in the light of their respective conditions.
Article 22
The rights to interpret these Provisions shall reside in the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the State
Council.
Article 23
These Provisions shall go into effect on May 1, 1989.


安徽省道路旅游客运管理规定

安徽省交通厅


安徽省道路旅游客运管理规定
安徽省交通厅
皖交公运(2001)6号


2001年第3次厅务会讨论通过


第一条 为加强对道路旅游客运的管理,维护旅游客运市场秩序,促进道路旅游客运的健康发展,保障旅游客运当事人的合法权益,根据《安徽省道路运输管理条例》及有关规章,制定本规定。
第二条 凡在本省境内从事营业性道路旅游客运的经营者,均须遵守本规定。
第三条 道路旅游客运是以运送旅游者浏览观光为目的,其线路一端位于风景区、名胜古迹等旅游点的旅客运输方式。道路旅游客运线路分为定线和不定线两种。本规定所称道路旅游客运是指不定站点、不定时间发车、不定线路营运的旅游客运(简称不定线旅游客运),是包车客运的一种形式。
定线旅游客运,纳入班线客运管理。
第四条 各级人民政府交通行政主管部门是本辖区道路旅游客运主管部门,其所属道路运政管理机构负责本规定的实施。
第五条 运政管理机构应本着“合理规划、严审资质、额度控制、批量投放、集约经营”的原则,正确处理旅游客运与班车客运的关系,保持运输供求的总量平衡,促进道路旅游客运市场健康发展。
第六条 道路旅游客运分为三类:
一类旅游客运:指跨省(市)的旅游客运,又称省际旅游客运;
二类旅游客运:指跨市的旅游客运,又称区际旅游客运;
三类旅游客运:指市内的旅游客运,又称区内旅游客运。
第七条 从事道路旅游客运的企业,除具备《安徽省道路旅客运输企业开业技术经济条件(试行)》规定的一般条件外,还应根据其从事旅游客运的类别,达到相应的资质等级条件。
第八条 旅游客运经营分工:
经营资质达到三级以上(含三级)的企业可经营所有类别旅游客运,线路长度不限。
经营资质为四级的企业可经营所有类别旅游客运,但每条线路的长度均不得超过800公里(毗邻省份不受此限)。
经营资质为五级的企业可经营二类旅游客运,但每条线路均不得超过400公里。
经营涉外旅游客运,还需具备涉外旅游运输其他条件。
第九条 道路旅游客运企业资质等级核定,按交通部《道路旅客运输企业经营资质管理规定(试行)》执行。其中车辆和设施应符合下列条件:
1.从事旅游客运的车辆应是交通部《营运客车类型划分及等级评定》中规定的中、高级客车,且高级客车应达到50%以上,车辆平均新度系数在0.7以上。三级企业自有营运客车40辆以上、客位1200个以上;四级企业自有营运客车15辆以上、客位450个以上;五级企业自有营运客车5辆以上、客位150个以上。
2.有与经营规模相适应的固定的停车场。
第十条 道路旅游客运实行“先审批、后购置”制度。欲从事道路旅游客运的企业,应事先向当地县级运政管理机构提出申请,经市级运政管理机构审批后,方可购置车辆。未经批准购置的车辆,不得经营旅游客运。
第十一条 道路旅游客运企业资质等级评审和审批按交通部《道路旅客运输企业经营资质管理规定(试行)》要求,应填报《道路旅客运输企业经营资质等级申请表》,并提供相关资料。
其审批权限按以下规定执行:
一、二、三级企业按交通部规定办理;四级企业由市级运政管理机构评审,由市级交通主管部门报省级交通主管部门审批;五级企业由市级运政管理机构评审,报市级交通主管部门审批。
第十二条 道路旅游客运企业开业,应按规定程序报省级运政管理机构审批。省级运政管理机构可委托市级运政管理机构核发经营许可证,办理道路运输证。
本规定发布以前已在运营的道路客运企业兼营旅游客运的,应分设旅游客运分支机构,其审批按前款规定执行。
经审批同意经营旅游客运的企业,由省级运政管理机构予以年度公告。
第十三条 旅游客运企业质量信誉年度考核与管理依照交通部《道路旅客运输企业经营资质管理规定(试行)》,与班车客运企业质量信誉考核一并进行。
第十四条 取得旅游客运经营资格的经营者,应当根据自身经营条件,向当地县及县以上运政管理机构提出书面申请,填报《安徽省旅游客运营运标志审批表》(见附件一)。
运政管理机构在收到申请之日起30日内,应当作出批准或不予批准的决定。
旅游客运标志牌按单车定车核发。业户在申请核发旅游客运标志牌时,应同时提交单车行车证件(复印件)以备查验。
第十五条 旅游客运标志牌由省级运政管理机构统一印制,其审批、核发,实行分级负责:
一、二类旅游客运标志牌,由省级运政管理机构审批发放;三类旅游客运标志牌,由市级运政管理机构审批核发。
第十六条 旅游客运标志牌有效期最长为二年。到期需继续营运的,应提前30日向发牌的运政管理机构重新履行旅游客运营运标志审批手续。
旅游客运标志牌必须随车悬挂于车辆显著位置,不得伪造、买卖、转让转借和擅自过户。
第十七条 在旅游运输高峰季节,从事道路班线客运的企业,经批准,可调剂部分班车从事临时旅游客运。客运企业应提前3天,将营运客车车牌号等情况报当地县级以上运政管理机构批准后核发临时旅游客运标志牌,同时由市级运政管理机构报省级运政管理机构备案。
临时旅游客运标志牌有效期定为一个旅游高峰期。旅游高峰季节结束,运输企业应在一周内将旅游客运标志牌缴回原核发运政管理机构。
第十八条 旅游客运标志牌实行年度复核,其复核与客运班线复核同时进行。
客运标志牌损毁、遗失的,按有关规定予以补发。
第十九条 从事旅游客运的客车,除遵守有关旅客运输的管理规定外,还应做到:
(一)在车身两侧或其它明显部位标有经营者的名称和投诉电话;严格执行车辆定期检测和定期维护制度,保持车辆技术状况良好和车容整洁。
(二)车辆在运行中,随车应配有导游人员,并携带有包车票。未经批准,不得经营班线客运。应按核定的经营范围营运,沿途不得承揽零散旅客。
第二十条 旅游客运的司乘人员,必须经市级运政管理机构培训,具备相应的业务知识和良好的职业道德,佩带由市级运政管理机构核发的旅游客运服务证(式样见附件二)。司乘人员应主动为乘客提供方便,不得敲诈和刁难乘客。
第二十一条 经营旅游客运,必须严格执行由交通主管部门和物价部门核定的运价。
第二十二条 旅游客运经营者,须按规定定期向运政管理机构报送客运统计报表。
第二十三条 旅游客运经营者停业,应提前30日向当地县级运政管理机构提出申请,经市级运政管理机构审批,办理停业手续,缴销有关证照和旅游客运标志牌,并报省级运政管理机构备案。
第二十四条 各旅游风景区的运政管理机构应经常深入各景区景点,加强现场监督管理,打击非法营运,确保运输安全。
第二十五条 各级运政管理机构应加强对道路旅游客运的监督检查,纠正和处理违章行为,受理投诉。运政管理机构在投诉受理之日起20日内,做出相应的投诉处理决定,并通知当事人。
第二十六条 旅游客运经营者和驾乘人员应自觉接受运政管理机构的管理。对不按本规定经营道路旅游客运的,依照《安徽省道路运输管理条例》和交通部《道路运输行政处罚规定》的有关规定予以处罚。
第二十七条 各级运政管理机构及其管理人员应秉公办事,认真履行职责,严格执行运输法规;对违反本规定,滥用职权、以权谋私、敲诈勒索、刁难经营者的,应视其情节,依法处理。
第二十八条 本办法由省交通行政主管部门负责解释,自发布之日起施行。
第二十九条 本办法实施前制定的《安徽省旅游汽车客运线路审批暂行规定》同时废止。
第三十条 各市可根据本办法制定实施细则。


2001年3月5日